The Cost-Effectiveness of HPV Vaccination in the United States: Estimates from a Simplified Model Methods

We adopted a societal perspective and included all direct medical costs and benefits regardless of who incurred the costs or received the benefits (1,2). Indirect costs such as the lost productivity associated with cervical cancer mortality (3) and direct nonmedical costs such as patent travel time were not included in this analysis because previous studies of HPV vaccination cost-effectiveness focused primarily on direct medical costs and because estimates of indirect and direct nonmedical costs are not available for all HPV-related health outcomes. Costs were expressed in 2005 U.S. dollars, except where noted in the comparisons with previous studies.